Hello, students.  This is Plants and Animals of Southern California, and I wanted to point out this plant here and then maybe this plant here.  This is California sagebrush, and it has fairly narrow lobed leaves.  The thing I wanted to point out is that it's drought deciduous, that is it has the ability during the summer drought to let its leaves completely dry up and die, and then when the winter rains come it'll sprout new leaves, so it doesn't die, it just it allows its leaves to die but the plant, itself, doesn't die.  Now if this plant were living right next to the creek in the shade it would happily keep its leaves all summer, so it is facultative.  It's not that they automatically dry up, but it's a good example of a drought deciduous plant.  And in contrast this oak tree here is a live oak, and it's sclerophyllous, it holds on to its leaves and they are wet inside all summer long, so it never dries out its leaves, it's just that it has a very thick waxy coat and it's able to close its air pores down so that it's pulling water, any little bit of water up from under the ground, and then there's a negative pressure that builds up inside of the plant, and it's living off of that water.  Now it can't photosynthesize during the summer very much because it can't open its pores and let in the carbon dioxide that it would need to fix as part of photosynthesis.  But anyway these are two different life strategies and, of course, we have lots of other life strategies, as well, like there's a laurel sumac which I would say is not quite sclerophyllous, but it is evergreen, and its life strategy is to have deep, deep roots that bring up water from deep, deep down.  Now and part of that is that I think it's very hard for a new plant to get started because it has to get its roots down far enough, fast enough so that it can get through its first summer.  Now we can kind of take this dichotomy between the drought deciduous plants and the sclerophyllous plants, and then maybe project it a little bit farther.  So communities of shrub lands that are dominated by drought deciduous plants, and right here I would also include in that community laurel sumac, those are called coastal sage scrub.  And it's kind of named after California sagebrush and then a not particularly related series of plants that are the true sages, and they all kind of smell sage-y and they're all drought deciduous.  They tend to occupy more south-facing slopes right here, whereas something that's sclerophyllous and really has nice hard leaves that stay on for years, those I would maybe call hard Chaparral.  So once you get a shrub land that's dominated by sclerophyllous things I would call it hard Chaparral, whereas if it's dominated by drought deciduous things I would call it coastal sage scrub.  And in Southern California on maybe north-facing slopes we might have hard Chaparral dominating, and then higher up in the mountains where you get a little bit more rain and it's a little cooler you'd get hard Chaparral dominating.  Now as you go farther up California and you get kind of close to Oregon then hard Chaparral becomes the thing that dominates on the south-facing slopes and on the north-facing slopes you get mixed evergreen forest, so you get great big trees.  It does depend on the location, the latitude you're at what the climate would be, and the climate determines what would dominate.  There's some other things that tend to be different between the two, like coastal sage scrub you usually can walk between the shrubs without -- you might not want to do it without jeans on, but you could do it, whereas if you get to really hard Chaparral, that's so dense, it's quite a bit taller than a human, whereas coastal sage scrub is shorter, but it's also the shrubs just grow interlocked with one another, so it's almost impenetrable.  You almost have to crawl underneath it to make any progress through it and then it would be slow even so.  Now when the hard Chaparral burns down then some of the plants that come up right away are drought deciduous plants and it's only later in succession that these sclerophyllous plants can dominate and take over the community.  In a way the drought deciduous plants for that short period of time when it's wet and everything, their photosynthesis is better, like in some sense they are more efficient producers than the sclerophyllous Chaparral shrubs.  It's just that the sclerophyllous Chaparral shrubs, they hold everything on for so long that they can out shade and just take over space and, you know, it's just they can really become the dominant thing in lots of places.  The roots also tend to differ.  Drought deciduous plants have shallow roots, whereas sclerophyllous things tend to have deep roots, deeper roots.  And when a fire comes through those things that have deep roots, a fair number of them can re-sprout from the root, so it's not uncommon, although it's certainly not all the species that are sclerophyllous, have the ability to re-sprout, whereas drought deciduous things almost never re-sprout, they reseed, they have produced seeds for decades and those seeds are laying in the soil, and then when a fire comes through the seeds somehow sits, the fires come through and then they sprout and you get millions of them for awhile.  All right, well, we'll cover lots of other plant strategies, but for now that's really all that I had to say about that.